Its production from the rubber tree (systematic name: Hevea brasiliensis) plays a major role in the socio-economic fabric of many developing countries. Over 20 million families are dependent on rubber cultivation for their basic source income.

These millions of people, mainly small growers many with holdings of two hectares or less, are dependent upon Hevea for their livelihood. The low prices paid for natural rubber contribute to rural poverty in many countries, especially smallholders in South East Asia where currency turmoil has greatly dimished the purchasing power for essentials like medicines. Estates are now less significant in most countries. An overview of agronomic practices is available.

Products made from natural rubber, especially tyres; engineering components and latex products (used in the battle against AIDS and other disease) are essential to modern life.

Development of the natural rubber industry during the last 100 years has relied upon the injection of well-targeted research and development: agronomic science, such as breeding to raise productivity, and physics, chemistry and technology to support and expand a growing portfolio of applications.